Employment Essentials: Employment law changes 2026 and beyond

A) Already in force

18 February 2026

• Trade unions/Industrial Action:
  • notice of industrial action reduced from 14 to 10 days
  • removal of the need for picket supervisors
  • industrial action mandates last for 12 months, instead of 6 months
  • industrial action and ballot notice requirements simplified
  • removal of the 40% "support threshold" for industrial action ballots
  • political fund rules changed
• Industrial actions: employees have protection against dismissal for duration of strike action

6 April 2026

• Leave: day-one rights for paternity leave and unpaid parental leave (transitional provisions since 18 February 2026)
• Redundancy: collective redundancy protective award doubled
• SSP: Statutory Sick Pay reform
• Annual leave: duty to keep records for six years
• Harassment/Whistleblowing: reporting sexual harassment a protected disclosure
• Trade unions: simplifying trade union recognition process including removal of the 40% support threshold

7 April 2026

• Fair Work Agency established with transfer of existing enforcement activity from HMRC NMW Enforcement team, GLAA, and EASI.

B) Upcoming changes:

25 August 2026

• Industrial Action: the introduction of electronic balloting for statutory trade union ballots, political fund/resolution ballots, union elections, and union merger ballots

1 October 2026

• Employment tribunals: time limits extended from three to six months

30 October 2026

• Harassment:
  • employers duty to take all reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment
  • protection from third-party harassment

• Trade unions:
  • new duty for employers to inform workers of their right to join a trade union (still awaiting outcome of consultation which closed 18 December 2025)
  • trade union rights of access to the workplace
  • reforms to the provisions on unfair practices during the recognition/derecognition process
  • new rights on reasonable accommodation and facilities for trade union representatives and extension to equality representatives

• Industrial actions: employees have protection against detriment for taking of strike action

Sometime October 2026

• Social care sector: bringing forward regulations to establish the Fair Pay Agreement Adult Social Care Negotiating Body in England
• Public sector: Reinstate the two-tier code for public sector workers outsourced to the private sector

By the end of 2026

• Allocation of tips: Tightening tipping allocation laws

1 January 2027

• Unfair Dismissal:
  • qualifying service reduced to six months
  • removal of the compensatory award cap

Sometime January 2027

• Dismissal: protection against dismissal for failing to agree to a Variation of Contract (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 1 April 2026)

April 2027

• Equality: mandatory gender pay gap and menopause action plans

Sometime 2027

• Trade Unions: electronic balloting and revision of the application threshold test for recognition and derecognition ballots
• Industrial action: removal of the minimum 50% turnout threshold for industrial action ballots
• Blacklisting: Extending blacklisting protections
• Zero/low hour workers:
  • guaranteed hours,
  • notice of shift changes,
  • payment for cancellation,
  • extension to agency workers
    (Government consultation running until 25 August 2026)
• Flexible Working: process for consultation and explanation for decisions (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 30 April 2026)
• Statutory Leave: unpaid bereavement leave including pregnancy loss (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 15 January 2026)
• Dismissal: enhanced protections against dismissal for pregnant women and new mothers (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 15 January 2026)
• Redundancy: collective consultation threshold reform (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 21 May 2026)
• Employment businesses: new definition (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 1 May 2026)
• Harassment: regulations specifying steps employers must take to prevent sexual harassment
• NDAs: exercise of the power to make void NDAs relating to harassment or discrimination subject to "excepted agreements" (awaiting outcome of Government consultation which closed on 8 July 2026)
• FWA: Fair Work Agency to "prepare to commence" holiday pay enforcement (Government consultation running until 22 September 2026)

Policy

A ban on 'exploitative' zero-hour contracts ensuring workers have a right to a contract that reflects the number of hours they regularly work. The ERA 2025 inserts new sections 27BA to 27BT into the Employment Rights Act 1996, resulting in complex provisions. The policy also includes giving workers "reasonable notice" of any shift changes and compensation for any cancelled or curtailed shifts.

The ERA 2025 - Sections 1 to 6 (Zero hours workers etc)

Section 1: Right for qualifying workers to be offered guaranteed hours

Employers will be required to offer a guaranteed hours contract (GHC) to qualifying 'zero-hour' or 'low-hours' workers reflecting the hours they regularly worked at the end of every reference period. Essentially, the new right will apply to a 'zero' or 'low' hours worker who, during a relevant reference period, worked a number of hours that satisfy certain conditions in respect of number, regularity or otherwise.

For qualifying workers:

• The new provisions will allow for a 'guaranteed hours offer' to be of a limited term but only where there is a reasonable 'limiting event'. The explanatory notes to the original Bill provide the example of a limiting event being where the employee was employed to cover another worker's leave, and the worker on leave returns.
• There will be a rebuttable presumption that a zero hour or low hours contract is not a limited term contract (in other words it will be for the employer to prove a reasonable 'limiting event').
• Where an employer is not required to offer a GHC, the employer will be required to give notice to that effect stating the exception relied upon.
• It will be automatically unfair to dismiss an employee if the reason (or principal reason) is that the employee accepted or rejected a guaranteed hours offer, or the employer sought to avoid complying with the duty to offer a GHC. It will also be automatically unfair to dismiss an employee as redundant for these reasons.
• A duty will be imposed on employers to ensure workers who have the potential to qualify for a GHC are aware of and have access to 'specified information' relating to their rights.
• This right will apply to those employed by the same employer under one or more worker's contracts (whether or not continuously) in the relevant period.
• The provisions include a method for the calculation of guaranteed hours for workers on annualised contracts.
• Anti-avoidance: a worker will be able to bring a claim where the employer manipulates the hours made available to a worker, with the intention of making a lower guaranteed hours offer, or to avoid the obligation altogether.
• Workers will also be entitled to bring a claim where they are subjected to a detriment by any act or failure to act by their employer on the ground that they are, or their employer believes that they are, entitled to a guaranteed hours offer.
• The obligation to make an offer is repeatedly triggered until the worker no longer qualifies for the right; most likely if they cease to be a low-hours worker. If an employee accepts a new or varied contract with guaranteed hours exceeding the 'low hours' number threshold, the cycle will be broken (so no longer need to make further offers). However, the cycle of reference periods will continue if:
  • The worker rejects the offer opting to remain on a zero or low hours contract; or
  • An accepted offer of guaranteed hours still falls below the minimum number of 'low hours'.

Important detail being is left to implementing regulations includes:

• Who will qualify for this right - how will 'zero-hours' and 'low-hours' qualifying workers be defined.
• The length of the reference period - likely to be an initial 12-week reference period, possibly with longer subsequent reference periods.
• Qualifying 'hours worked' (in terms of regularity and the number of hours worked or otherwise).
• The requirements of a 'guaranteed hours offer' - how, when and in what form must it be made.
• The requirements for accepting/rejecting a 'guaranteed hours offer'.

See 'Consultation/Comment' sub-headings below for more detail.

Section 2: Right to reasonable notice of a shift

When implemented, s2 ERA 2025 will require employers to provide workers with reasonable notice of when they require them to work and also reasonable notice if they need to cancel, change or rearrange a shift. This will apply to:

• zero-hour contract workers; and
• workers with a contract "of a specified description" requiring them to be provided with some work but without specifying the times or pattern of days and times of that work.

The second part of the definition appears to be intended to capture low-hours contracts. However, it also includes the possibility for contracts to be included based on a low level of guaranteed pay. It is not clear whether the hours threshold will be the same or different to a low-hours contract for the purposes of the duty to offer guaranteed hours.

Important detail on just what will amount to reasonable notice is being left to implementing regulations. At this stage we know:

• It will be up to tribunals to decide whether the worker was given reasonable notice of the shift.
• The Government will use regulations to state how much notice should be ‘presumed reasonable’ for the tribunals’ starting point.
• The Government will also set out the factors the tribunals should look at when determining whether the notice was reasonable or not.

Section 3: Right to payment for shifts cancelled, curtailed or moved at short notice

When implemented s3 will require employers to make payments to workers if they cancel, move or curtail a shift at short notice.

Employers will be under a duty to make a payment, of an amount to be specified in subsequent implementing regulations to a worker each time there is a cancellation, movement (i.e., a delay or bringing forward of a shift), or curtailment at short notice of a qualifying shift where any of the following apply:

• The employer has informed the worker they are required to work the shift.
• The employer has requested that the worker work the shift and the worker agreed to work*, or
• The worker suggested working the shift and the employer agreed.

*It should be noted that references to a request to work a shift made by an employer to a worker include a "multi-worker request" made by the employer to the worker and one or more others in circumstances where the employer does not need the shift to be worked by all of those to whom the request is made. But also note, a worker will not be entitled to payment unless, at some point prior, they reasonably believed that they would be needed to work the shift.

Curtailment of shifts can include hours being cut from the middle of a shift (in addition to the start and finish). The maximum amount of compensation for cancelled, moved and curtailed shifts is the amount that would have been earned save for the cancellation or curtailment and if moved what they would have earned for the original shift with such payments to be treated as 'wages'.

The duty to make payment applies to an individual who would be a worker if they worked the shift.

Any compensation payable for a cancelled, moved or curtailed shift will be taxable as employment income.

Important detail being left to implementing regulations includes:

• What will amount to 'short notice'? This is to be specified in future regulations and cannot exceed seven days.
• The 'payment' amount? Regulations will specify the amount to be paid. However, this will not exceed the amount of remuneration the worker would have been entitled to had they worked the original shift as planned, or had they worked the part of the original shift not corresponding to the moved shift (where part of the moved shift corresponds to the timing of the original shift).
• Exceptions? Future regulations can specify circumstances where the duty to make payment does not apply.

See 'Consultation/Comment' sub-headings below for more detail.

Section 4: Agency workers guaranteed hours and rights relating to shifts

The rights to guaranteed hours contracts, reasonable notice of shifts and compensation for short notice changes to shifts will also extend to agency workers. Due to the complex relationship between an agency worker, agency and hirer, the zero hours contracts rights may apply differently to agency workers in certain respects. See "Agency Workers" below.

Section 5: Collective agreements contacting out

The rights to guaranteed hours, reasonable notice of shifts and compensation for cancelled, curtailed or moved shifts for zero hours, low hours and agency workers (see below) can be excluded by a relevant collective agreement. A relevant collective agreement is one which is in writing and made by, or on behalf of, one or more independent trade unions and the worker's employer. Contracting out on this basis can occur where the relevant terms of the collective agreement are incorporated into the contract, provided that the worker or agency worker has been notified in writing of the incorporation and effect of those terms. This has the potential to be a wholesale opt out or/and can apply to both workers and agency workers (in which case the collective agreement can be with the person who has the contract with the agency worker) and does not require the gap to be filled with comparable terms.

Allowing an employer and trade union to reach agreement on arrangements, will simplify compliance with the complex new provisions where agreement can be reached. This is the only basis upon which it is possible to contract out of these provisions. Accordingly, there is no opt-out route for non-unionised workplaces.

Section 7: Repeal of the Workers (Predictable Terms and Conditions) Act 2023

The 2023 Act was repealed in full on 6 January 2026.

Consultation/Comment

On 2 June 2026, the Government launched the awaited consultation 'Make Work Pay: ending one-sided flexibility – reforms of zero hours and similar contracts' (the "June Consultation"). The consultation, which runs until 25 August 2026, seeks views on the precise conditions that will need to be satisfied for workers to enjoy the above rights. Below we consider what the Consultation is covering and what it has missed.

The outstanding questions for future Regulations include:

A) The 'who' question - guaranteed hours contracts (GHCs)

Consultation: The Government seeks views on what that threshold should be for the right to be offered GHCs. Options range from eight hours per week to (a staggering) 48 hours per week, with the Government expressing a preference for the threshold to be set at between eight and 20 hours per week.

Comment: Just where the threshold will be set for those considered to be working on a 'low-hours' contract will significantly shape the impact of the guaranteed hours contract provisions. If a low threshold is set, for example at eight hours per week, then many employers would simply guarantee workers eight hours of work. If the threshold were to be set at 20 hours per week or even higher, then the provisions will have much greater impact. Many part-time workers would be in scope and employers would have to monitor any additional hours they worked very carefully - a considerable administrative undertaking.

B) The 'reference period' question

Consultation: The Government is seeking views on:

1. The length of the initial reference period? The options are 12, 26 or 52 weeks. The Government's preferred option is 12 weeks.
2. The length of subsequent reference periods? The options are 12, 26 or 52 weeks. However, Government does not express any preference.
3. Whether subsequent reference periods should begin immediately after the previous reference period?

Comment: What the reference period will be, is also an important issue for consultation. While any subsequent reference period can clearly only commence after the initial/previous reference period has ended, whether that should be immediately or after a specified gap is an important administrative issue. Once the initial/previous reference period comes to an end, the employer will need a reasonable period to calculate the average hours worked and to make the GHC offer. In turn, the worker will need a reasonable period to consider if they wish to accept the offer (the 'offer period'). Accordingly, any GHC offer accepted, will not come into effect immediately. Assuming a four week 'offer period', that would make the task of working out when and how often the worker had worked in excess of their guaranteed hours more complicated.

The Government does not express any preference as to whether there should be break between reference periods. Nor does it ask how long any such break should be. It simply asks if there should be a gap.

As for the length of subsequent reference periods, in May 2027, the Recruitment and Employment Confederation (REC) called for a reference period of at least six months with one year preferred. The REC argues that the proposed 12-week timeframe is too short as it fails to reflect seasonal demand, project-based work and fluctuating staffing needs in sectors such as hospitality, retail and consumer goods.

Whether the Regulations ultimately provide for gaps between reference periods combined with a long subsequent reference period or not is an important outstanding issue. This will significantly impact how frequently employers will need to review the position and make a fresh GHC to individual workers.

Remember, workers will not be obliged to accept a GHC offer, thereby retaining full flexibility on the worker's par. As for the employer, the duty to make an offer will keep applying at the end of a relevant reference period until the worker no longer satisfies the definition of a qualifying worker. It should also be noted that each reference period starting date will be individual to the start date of the individual worker concerned adding to the administrative complexity, an issue that does not appear to be on the Government's radar.

C) The 'regularity' question

Consultation: Workers must have worked with sufficient regularity during the reference period to benefit from the right to be offered a GHC. The Consultation presents two options:

• Option A - 'A weekly distribution requirement of the hours worked' meaning the worker must have worked in a minimum number of weeks during the reference period. The weeks would not have to be consecutive.
  

  Example: if the requirement is set at eight weeks, then a worker who worked in eight or more weeks of a 12-week initial reference period would qualify.

• Option B – 'A weekly distribution requirement plus a total hours requirement' meaning the worker must have worked both a minimum number of weeks and a minimum number of hours above their contracted hours.
  

  Example: if the weekly distribution requirement is set at eight weeks and the total hours requirement is set at 96 hours over the 12 weeks, then a worker who is already guaranteed two contracted hours per week would need to work at least 120 hours (24 contracted hours over 12 weeks + 96) across a 12-week reference period as well as working in at least eight calendar weeks of the 12-week reference period.

  *Note. The example in the Consultation document itself for Option B contains an error.

Comment: Option B is harder to meet and would prevent occasional overtime alone from potentially triggering the right. The Government has not expressed a preference.

The Act also allows for periods such as sick leave or annual leave to be taken into account. At this stage the Government simply says it will "consider this further when developing regulations", suggesting a subsequent consultation is on the cards.

D) The 'seasonal variation' question

Consultation: A particular hot topic in connection with the reference period question is how to account to for seasonal variations in workloads? An employer need not make a guaranteed hours offer where a worker is on a limited-term contract shorter than the reference period, provided that contract was reasonable. The Act treats a limited term as reasonable where the worker:

1. is needed only for a specific task that then ends;
2. only until a particular event occurs or does not occur; or
3. to meet a ‘temporary need’ to be defined in regulations.

The Government’s concern is that the first two grounds may not capture demand that simply falls away seasonally, so it asks for examples of temporary needs that are not related to a specific task or event.

Comment: This is an important part for the consultation. It should be remembered that zero-hours contracts are not being banned altogether. While employers will be required to make a 'guaranteed hours offer', it can be for a limited term where reasonable. Having said that, the employer will need to rebut the presumption that it is not for a limited term. What level of seasonal variation may potentially be accepted as sufficient to rebut the presumption?

E) The 'GHC offer' question

Consultation: The Government asks whether guaranteed hours for GHC offer purposes should be calculated using:

• Option A - Mean average (where every hour worked counts); or
• Option B – Median average (where unusually high or low carry less weight)

For example – assuming a 12-week reference period, if a worker works eight hours per week for seven weeks and 20 hrs per week for five weeks – the Mean would be 13 hours per week, but the Median would be eight hours per week.

There is no stated Government preference.

It also asks whether employers should have flexibility to determine how hours will be allocated (weekly, monthly or otherwise); and whether a small 'adjustment margin' should be permitted to account for minor calculation differences or to align offers with usual shift patterns.

Comment: While the Consultation addresses options for calculating the number of hours that the GHC offer must contain, this is a much more complicated question – pattern of work. The new contract will not only need to reflect the number of hours worked across the reference period but will also need to set out when the worker can be asked to work. What does the offer need to look like where a qualifying worker has worked an erratic working pattern including some night work and/or weekends? To what extent does when the hours were worked need to be reflected in the guaranteed hours offer? The ERA 2025 contains a specific power for Regulations to address this, but the Consultations simple is silent on this. In the absence of such provision in future Regulations the employer is free to offer whatever working pattern it chooses so long as the offer reflects the overall number of hours worked in the reference period.

The Consultation also does not address the length of the "offer period" – see 'the reference period' question above.

Again, it seems further future consultation will be needed to address these outstanding questions.

F) The 'exceptions' question

Consultation: The Government seeks view on any types of workers that should be excluded from the right to guaranteed hours? Possible examples include workers who have another contract with the same employer exceeding the threshold; and exceptional circumstances such as business closures due to flooding.

G) The 'who' question - shift notification

Consultation: The June Consultation seeks views on what that threshold should be for the right to reasonable notice and to payment for shifts cancelled, moved or curtailed at short notice. Options range from eight hours per week to 48 hours per week. Unlike in the case of GHCs, the Government has not expressed any preferred option as to where the threshold should be set for these purposes.

Comment: The Government proposes that the threshold will be the same for both the right to reasonable notice and the right to payment for shifts cancelled, curtailed, or moved at short notice. However, the hours threshold in these regards may be set differently than that set for the guaranteed hours offer tigger threshold. As such this may be a wider group, adding to administrative complexity.

H) The 'reasonable notice' of shifts question

Consultation: What 'reasonable notice' of shifts is going to be is currently unknown. A presumption will operate that unless the contrary is shown, notice is not reasonable unless it is of the specified length, which has not yet been defined.

The Government is seeking views on where to set the 'presumed reasonable' notice length:

• For directly employed workers the options range from one to four weeks.
• For agency workers the options range from less than five days to four weeks.

The Government also seeks views on which circumstances should justify shorter (or longer) notice for example unexpected sickness cover.

Comment: Clearly, the longer the notice that is required, the greater challenges that employers will face with the shift notification provisions. Likewise, it is unknown what factors will be relevant to rebut the presumption. The factors that a tribunal must have regard to when determining whether reasonable notice was given are to be set out in regulations but again are as yet unknown and not addressed in the June Consultation.

Another potential issue arises where an employer puts out a call to workers seeking shift cover including multi-employee requests. If, for example, the employer states that the first three to respond will be given the shift, will the reference to the first three to respond be sufficient to amount to a 'cancellation of the shift'. Will the employer need to expressly comply with the cancellation requirements for any volunteers after the first three?

I) The 'short notice' question

Consultation: Under the ERA 2025 'short notice' will be defined in regulations but cannot exceed seven days. The Government seeks views on the length of such notice (subject to this limit). The options range from one to seven days for direct hires and less than one to seven days for agency workers.

It is also considering a separate 'very short notice' period which would attract a higher payment. The Government is seeking views on:

• Whether a separate 'very short notice' period should be introduced; and if so,
• What would constitute 'very short notice'? For directly employed workers and agency workers the options range from less than one day to five days.

The Consultation goes on to ask when longer notice should be expected (for example, when a worker is contractually obliged to work any shift offered); and when shorter notice should be acceptable (for example, when last-minute cover is needed).

J) The 'payment level' question

Consultation: The Government asks whether short-notice payments should be based on a percentage of expected earnings or of the National National Minimum Wage, proposing options from 10% to 80% (and 30% to 80% for very short notice). The consultation further asks whether exceptions to these payments should apply for events like extreme weather or power outages, which would require the employer to issue an explanation notice.

K) The 'enforcement' question

Consultation: Workers will be able to enforce the zero-hours rights through employment tribunals. However, the consultation asks whether the right to short notice payments should also be enforceable by the Fair Work Agency (FWA). In this regard, the Government proposes that the FWA could issue notices of underpayment, requiring employers to pay arrears owed to workers, and pay a penalty to the Government. The Government's preferred penalty is 50% of the arrears owed, with a minimum penalty of £100 and a maximum penalty of £5,000 per worker.

Next steps

The one thing that is sure, is that the legislative provisions are extremely complex. While the June Consultation is addressing much of the outstanding detail, there will still be outstanding issues highlighting just how difficult it is for workable provisions to be put into place. The Government has previously stated that it will give employers plenty of time to get ready for the changes and there will be guidance published to help them. Given the extent of the outstanding issues and likely need for further consultation once we get to the draft regulations stage, the current expected implementation of "sometime in 2027" appears rather optimistic.

Policy

Making flexible working the default. Ensuring that employers accept reasonable and feasible requests.

The ERA 2025 – Section 9

Employees currently have the right to request a flexible working arrangement from their first day in a job. Employees can ask their employer for a flexible working arrangement up to two times in every twelve months, and their employer must give their decision within two months.

Employers can refuse a flexible working request for one (or more) of eight possible business reasons set out in legislation, and they must consult with the employee before rejecting a request. However, the current legislation provides no detail on how this consultation should be conducted and there is currently no requirement for employers to explain their decision.

When implemented s9 ERA 2025 will:

1. Add to the existing requirement that an employer may only reject a flexible working request based on one or more of the eight statutory reasons will be an additional requirement that "it is reasonable to refuse that application on that ground or those grounds ".
2. A new requirement that where a flexible working request is refused, the notification of the decision must state the ground or grounds for refusing the request and explain to the employee why the employer considers that decision is reasonable (subject to a national security reason exception).
3. The Secretary of State is also given powers to introduce additional steps employers will need to take for compliance with the requirement to consult before rejecting an application.

Consultation

On 5 February 2026, the Government launched the consultation Make Work Pay: improving access to flexible working, which runs until 30 April 2026. The consultation seeks views on a new statutory consultation process for employers to follow before rejecting a flexible working request.

Comment

The absence of a reasonableness element for an employer considering that one of the statutory reasons applies has been seen as a loophole for some time. The need to include an explanation for a refusal takes us back to the 2014 position. Both of these changes are in accordance with current ACAS recommend best practice.

The introduction of the reasonableness requirement may see an increase in relatively small changes being requested which an employer may find hard to turn down. Line managers need to be aware that for any decision to refuse a request, it must be refused on a reasonable basis and to clearly set out why the request has been turned down. Employers who are currently engaged in return to office debates or considering mandating increased office attendance should adopt a clear reasoned position which is clearly communicated to the workforce.

In the run up to the Act being passed, press reports warned of workers "being able to demand" compressed hours so that they can work a five-day week in four days. Requesting a compressed hours working arrangement is and has been a possibility since the right to request flexible working was first introduced over 20 years ago. The Act does not contain provisions requiring employers to agree to compressed hours working arrangements where such a working pattern is not reasonable. Nor is there a proposal for a right to a four-day working week. What is proposed is a shift in the dynamic for flexible working requests generally so that employers consider flexible working (which can be in a variety of forms) with rejections taken on a reasonable basis. So, more of a mindset shift.

Next Steps

These provisions are expected to come into force in 2027.

Policy

Strengthening statutory sick pay (SSP) by removing the lower earnings limit (LEL) to make it available to all workers, as well as by removing the waiting period.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 10 to 13 (Statutory Sick Pay)

1. Removes the first three days waiting qualifying period for entitlement
2. Removes the LEL requirement
3. The weekly rate of SSP to be the lower of:
   1. £123.25 (the SSP applicable from 6 April 2026); and
   2. 80% of the employee's normal weekly earnings.

Comment

The removal of the waiting period (the first three days of sickness) was previously done as a temporary measure during the COVID-19 pandemic to simplify the SSP system and get help to those in need more quickly.

While the policy statement referred to "all workers", this does not represent a change. SSP will continue to apply in relation to "employees" which for SSP purposes includes all those whose earnings are subject to Class 1 National Insurance contributions – so already includes many "workers".

However, the removal of the LEL (currently £123 per week) will help low-paid casual workers. While that will be the case, a concession has been added that the rate of SSP will be set at a lower rate for low paid employees instead being 80% of their weekly pay. This concession is being included in light of business fears of those on low pay would otherwise have an incentive to take sick leave.

Next steps

These changes are being brought into force on 6 April 2026.

Policy

Strengthening the law to ensure hospitality workers receive their tips in full and workers decide how tips are allocated.

The ERA 2025 – Section 14 (Tips and Gratuities)

The Employment (Allocation of Tips) Act 2023 came into effect on 1 October 2024. It makes it mandatory for all tips, gratuities and service charges that employers have "control or significant influence" over to be passed on to workers in full and to have a written tips policy on how it handles tips. The corresponding Code of Practice encourages but does not mandate consultation with workers.

S14 ERA 2025 adds:

• a requirement that when employers draw up their tipping policy they must consult the workforce (via trade-union or elected worker representatives, or directly with workers if none exist) before publishing the policy;
• the policy must be reviewed every three years (again consulting workers); and
• employers must provide an anonymised summary of feedback from that consultation to all affected workers.

Consultation

On 29 June 2026, the Government published its Response to the consultation Make Work Pay: strengthening the law on tipping alongside the updated draft Code of Practice on fair and transparent distribution of tips.

The draft revised Code provided guidance on the new consultation and review requirements relating to the allocation and distribution of tips being inserted into section 27I of the Employment Rights Act 1996. However, the draft Code was withdrawn by the Government on 13 July 2026 following criticism by Unite. The trade union claimed the Government had "reneged on its promise to give workers full control on the allocation of tips" as the revised code required "employers to merely consult on how tips will be allocated".

Comment

The provisions contained in the Act are aimed at increasing the voice of the workforce in determining the allocation of tips policy, though they do not go so far as to provide that "workers decide how tips are allocated". It will be interesting to see just where the line is to be set in the further revised Code of Practice given the trade union protestations.

As many employers have recently drafted their tipping policy in compliance with the 1 October 2024 changes, it should be noted that the first three yearly review must take place within three years from the date the initial version of the policy was issued, even if that date is before this provision comes into effect.

Next steps

The changes were originally expected to be brought into force in October 2026. However, the revised 16 July 2027 Government Timeline now vaguely states "by the end of 2026".

Note, that when they are brought into force the tipping policy review provisions will apply to tipping policies which predate s14 being implemented.

Policy

Introduction of "day-one" employment rights, including entitlement to paternity leave, and unpaid parental leave.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 15 to 17 (Entitlements to leave: parental)

Sections 15 to 17 of the ERA 2025 will:

1. Remove the one-year qualifying service requirement for (unpaid) parental leave.
2. Remove the 26 weeks qualifying service requirement for paternity leave.
3. Remove the restriction on employees taking paternity leave and pay following shared parental leave and pay.

In addition to the above, a new right for bereaved fathers and partners to take up to 52 weeks of paternity leave if the mother or primary adopter dies within the first year of the child’s life will also be introduced under existing powers contained within the ERA 1996.

Comment

This change makes paternity leave and parental leave a day one right bringing them in line with maternity and adoption leave. It should be noted that while the right to take paternity leave becomes a day-one right, the right to statutory paternity pay remains subject to a 26-week qualifying service into the 15th week before the week the baby is due requirement.

Allowing paid paternity leave to be taken after a period of shared parental leave, is simply correcting what appeared to be an inadvertent error following the April 2024 changes to paternity leave (extending the period in which paternity could be taken from within 56 days to within 52 weeks of birth).

Next steps

These provisions came into force on 18 February 2026, enabling employees who become newly eligible on 6 April 2026 to provide sufficient notice to take Paternity Leave and Unpaid Parental Leave.

The new right for bereaved fathers and partners to take to 52 weeks of paternity leave if the mother or primary adopter dies within the first year of the child’s life comes into force on 6 April 2026.

Also see Beyond the Bill: Parental leave & Carer's leave review below.

Policy

Establishing bereavement leave.

The ERA 2025 – Section 18 (Entitlements to leave: bereavement)

1. Extending "parental bereavement leave" to become "bereavement leave".
2. The Secretary of State is given powers to make regulations giving employees who are bereaved the right to take protected time off work, in addition to the already existing provision for parental bereavement leave. A "bereaved person" will be defined in regulations by reference to the employee's relationship with the person who has died.

October 2025 Consultation

On 23 October 2025, the DBT published a consultation "Make Work Pay: Consultation on Leave for Bereavement, including Pregnancy Loss" which closed on 15 janaury 2026. The Consultation is in three parts:

1. Eligibility:
   • what relationship will the bereaved person need to have had with the deceased, immediate family, extended family or wider relationships (such as close friends);
   • in relation to pregnancy loss, should eligibility be restricted to the woman who has physically suffered the loss or to the wider group such as the father/mother's partner; and
   • the type of pregnancy loss to be included: miscarriage, ectopic and molar pregnancies, terminations, and IVF transfer loss. It also asks about eligibility where the employee is not the person who has suffered the pregnancy loss.
2. When and how leave can be taken:
   • Duration - the Bill sets a minimum of seven days in respect of a person other than child. The existing two-week period will remain in respect of a death of a child.
   • What should be the time period in which it may be taken? The Bill sets a minimum of up to 56 days after the death. Also outstanding is whether the leave must be taken in one block or could be split into weeks or days.
3. Notice and evidence requirement:
   • Amount of notice
   • Formally in writing or not
   • Any evidence requirements

The Government has not indicated any preferred policy choices in relation to the questions asked.

Next steps

We await the outcome of the consultation as implementing regulations will be required setting out much of the detail.

These provisions are now expected to come into force sometime in 2027.

Policy

Increasing protection from sexual harassment.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 20 to 22 (Harassment)

The ERA 2025:

1. Amends the "duty to take reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment" (introduced on 26 October 2024) to a "duty to take all reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment".
2. Re-introduces employer liability for third-party harassment of workers in the course of their employment. To cover all forms of harassment not only sexual harassment, subject to an "all reasonable steps" defence.
3. The Secretary of State is given powers to make regulations to specify steps which an employer must take and matters to which they must have regard for the purposes of meeting the obligations to take all reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment.

Comment

Third-party harassment

It should be noted that unlike the duty to prevent sexual harassment, the re-introduction of employer liability for third-party harassment is not limited to sexual harassment. It also covers the other relevant protected characteristics (age, disability, gender reassignment, race, religion or belief, sex and sexual orientation).

Responding to concerns raised over the third-party harassment provisions, on 25 April 2025, the Government stated:

• It does not consider a carve-out for 'overheard conversations' is necessary as the ERB clause provides that:
  • any step by an employer that would result in a disproportionate interference with a third party's right to freedom of expression would not be a 'reasonable step'; and
  • employers only need to do what is reasonable for their specific circumstances which, in relation to third parties, are more limited than in respect of employees.
• It does not intend to introduce a 'three strikes rule' as a balanced approach is already being taken both in the definition of harassment (so a one-off incident is much less likely to create the proscribed environment) and the reasonable steps an employer could be expected to take to prevent it. 

Duty to prevent sexual harassment

On 26 October 2024, the Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023 came into force. The Act introduces a new positive legal obligation on employers to take "reasonable steps" to protect their workers from sexual harassment. The test for the steps is being strengthened to "all" reasonable steps.

In addition, future regulations will set out a non-exhaustive list of obligations that are to be regarded as "reasonable" for the purpose of determining whether an employer has taken, or failed to take, all reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment of an employee. Employers will need to ensure that they carry out those steps as well as any additional steps that they have identified as being reasonable for their organisation.

Consultation

The Government has stated it will consult before introducing the required steps regulations.

Next steps

The requirement for employers to:

• take ‘all reasonable steps’ to prevent sexual harassment of their employees;
• introducing an obligation on employers not to permit the harassment of their employees by third parties; and
• introducing a power to enable regulations to specify steps that are to be regarded as "reasonable", to determine whether an employer has taken all reasonable steps to prevent sexual harassment

are all due to come into force on 1 October 2026.

Regulations defining 'reasonable steps' expected sometime in 2027/28 after consultation.

Policy

Non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) should not be used to cover up misconduct in the workplace.

The ERA 2025 – Section 24 (Contractual duties of confidentiality)

1. Any provision in an agreement between an employer and a worker, including a settlement agreement is void in so far as it purports to prevent:
   1. an allegation of, or a disclosure of information relating to, relevant harassment or discrimination, or
   2. about how the employer responded to such allegations or disclosures.

The ban on NDAs covers discrimination and harassment/sexual harassment under the Equality Act 2010 (EqA) specifically:

• direct discrimination – section 13
• indirect discrimination – sections 19 and 19A
• discrimination arising from disability – section 15
• gender reassignment discrimination due to absence – section 16
• pregnancy and maternity discrimination – sections 17 and 18
• disability reasonable adjustments – ss 20 and 21
• harassment and sexual harassment – s26

Omitted are claims for victimisation under section 27 EqA.

2. The protection applies whether the alleged discrimination or harassment is by the employer or by another worker of the employer, and whether the victim is the complainant or another worker of the employer.
3. It applies to both current and former workers and can be extended by Regulations to include individuals such as contractors, trainees, and those on work experience.
4. It will not apply to the provision in an agreement that satisfies such conditions as specified in Regulations ('excepted agreement').
5. This will be done by inserting a new s202A into the Employment Rights Act 1996.

Comment

It is already the case that a NDA, irrespective of its terms, cannot validly seek to prevent a person from reporting a crime to the police under the common law and since 1 October 2025 under the Victims and Prisoners Act 2024. In addition, an NDA which seeks to prevent an individual from making a protected disclosure (whistleblowing) are void under the Employment Rights Act 1996 (s43J).

The new measures may provide claimants with more confidence over whether a purported NDA is unenforceable and the clear ability to disclose information to a claimant's support network a societal good. But there may also be an unintended consequence with fewer settlements of such claims being reached. There is commercial and reputational value to employers in settling with confidentiality irrespective of the merit or otherwise of the allegation providing considerable negotiating value to claimants. Making such confidentiality agreement void in all circumstances may disincentivise employers from settling many claims they think they can defend.

We await details of implementing regulations provisions particularly around 'excepted agreements' which will be crucial to the impact of these measures. What the Government has stated so far:

• The option of confidential settlements will remain "if the agreement is requested by the worker" (presumably this will be subject to measures to ensure workers are not coerced).
• The legitimate use of NDAs in non-harassment/discrimination circumstances will not be impacted, with the Government supporting the right of businesses to use NDAs to protect sensitive business and commercial information, trade secrets and other confidential data.

April 2026 Consultation

On 15 April 2026, the Government has launched a consultation which runs until 8 July 2026. It is seeking views on the issues of excepted agreements, permitted disclosure and definition of worker.

A. The consultation proposes a number of statutory safeguards for 'excepted agreements', including:

1. Independent written advice. Before entering into an excepted agreement, a worker should receive written advice from a relevant independent adviser explaining the agreement’s terms, effect and legal limits
2. Worker’s written consent. After receiving advice, the worker should confirm in writing his or her preference to enter into the excepted agreement
3. Cooling off period. There should be a mandatory 14-day cooling off period, during which the worker could withdraw without penalty. Views are sought on whether this should be shorter or waivable by the worker.
4. Written and accessible copy of agreement. A copy of the signed NDA should be provided in writing to all parties and in an accessible format. The Government is consulting on whether plain language drafting should be required, potentially via guidance.
5. Past conduct only. Excepted agreements should cover only harassment or discrimination that has already occurred, preventing ‘pre dispute’ NDAs.
6. Time-limited confidentiality. The confidentiality obligations should be time limited and subject to a statutory maximum duration.

An excepted agreement will not be able to prevent workers from whistleblowing (i.e. by making ‘protected disclosures’ under the ERA) or from reporting a crime.

B. It is proposed that 'permitted disclosures' will include: law enforcement; lawyers; regulated professionals; victim support services; regulators (such as the Solicitors Regulation Authority and Equality and Human Rights Commission); Acas; trade union representatives; authorised intermediaries; and close family. The consultation also explores whether disclosures to prospective employers should be allowed.

C. The protection afforded will initially apply only to individuals meeting the existing statutory definition of ‘worker’ in S.230(3) ERA. However, the consultation seeks views on extending protection to: agency workers and secondees; work experience interns and trainees; student nurses and midwives; certain NHS professionals; and vulnerable groups of self-employed individuals.

Next steps

In April 2026, the Government confirmed it intends to bring these provisions into force sometime in 2027.

Policy

Following tripartite collaboration with business groups and trade unions agreed that a six-month qualifying period for protections against unfair dismissal and the lifting of the compensatory award cap is a workable deal for both employers and employees alike.

The ERA 2025 – Section 25 (Unfair dismissal)

1. Reduces the qualifying period for protection against 'ordinary' unfair dismissal from two years to six months and will remove the power to vary the qualifying period further without primary legislation.
2. Reduces the qualifying period for employees’ right to request written reasons for dismissal from two years to six months.
3. Removes the cap on compensatory awards completely.
4. Removes the qualifying period for protection against unfair dismissal for reason of spent convictions.

Comment

Six-month qualifying service

The Government row back on its plans to make unfair dismissal a 'day one' right has been welcomed due to the potential headaches that would have been caused by employees immediately benefitting from unfair dismissal rights and the related proposed introduction of a new 'lighter touch' process that employers would have been permitted to follow for capability and conduct dismissal in the "initial period of employment" which would have added complexity.

However, the reduction to the qualifying period remains a significant change – many more employees will benefit from this protection and it will significantly change the risk profile of dismissals that take place between six months and two years of service.

The reduction in the qualifying service to two years will have an impact on contractual probationary periods. It is important to keep in mind that a six-month qualifying period does not equate to a probationary period. They are not the same and must not be conflated. If an employer has a six-month probationary period then if wishing to dismiss at the end of the six-month probationary period, the employee will have their full unfair dismissal rights. Employers should reduce probationary periods to five or even four months to allow for an extension period, to enable dismissal at the end of the probationary period without the potential for an ordinary unfair dismissal claim. Remember under s97 ERA 1996 the effective date of termination (EDT) is extended where statutory notice is not given for the purpose of determining the qualifying period for an unfair dismissal claim (section 108(1)) ERA 1996) – this provision is unchanged by the ERA 2025.

To help mitigate the risk of claims, employers should:

• Ensure that they have robust recruitment and on-boarding procedures in place, to minimise recruitment mistakes.
• Review their probationary processes to make sure that these are clear and well-communicated, with line managers proactively identifying and managing any performance or conduct issues that arise in the early stages of employment.
• Review probationary policies and contractual wording on probationary periods. It is important to consider the length of the probationary period and how any extensions of probation might operate – if the employee is dismissed once they have six months’ service or, in some cases, when their statutory notice period would tip them over that six-month mark, they will have full unfair dismissal protections. Carrying out thorough and timely probationary reviews will be crucial.
• Run additional line manager training to ensure that they can confidently deal with issues at all levels of the organisation and, where relevant, can affect fair dismissals. The focus of this training should be two-fold:
  1. effective management during the probationary period; and
  2. training on the full processes that will need to be carefully followed for any employee who has attained qualifying service.

Removal of the compensatory award cap

Currently, the compensatory unfair dismissal award is capped at the lower of £118,223 or 52 weeks' pay. In many cases, the removal of the compensation cap for unfair dismissal claims will not change the amount awarded by a tribunal (given the claimant's duty to mitigate their loss). In a House of Commons debate about the removal of the cap, the Government cited the median award for unfair dismissal compensation, which it said for 2023-24 was £6,746, as evidence of very few compensatory awards getting near to the existing cap.

However, to date, highly paid employees often do not file unfair dismissal claims primarily because the statutory compensation cap makes the process financially unappealing. The removal of the cap on the compensatory award removes this significant downside and greatly increases the incentive for highly paid/rewarded employees to institute an unfair dismissal claim before an employment tribunal which is a largely costs free judicial forum.

Under s23(2)(b) of the ERA 1996 the loss of any benefit which a claimant might reasonably be expected to have received, but for their dismissal, should be considered in the context of compensation. It is not necessary that the benefit is contractual, provided the claimant has a reasonable expectation of receipt. Common examples include benefits in kind or "perks" such as a company car, private medical or health insurance, low-interest loans or pensions loss. Also included could be bonuses (even where discretionary) and commission. The value of any share options which the employee will lose out on as a result of termination of employment could also be included, although the quantification of that loss may prove tricky this could result in some very high value unfair dismissal claims.

With the removal of the cap:

• the potential settlement range significantly widens;
• bonus "loss of opportunity", deferred award forfeiture and the value impact of equity vesting/lapse/forfeiture decisions become front-and-centre in schedules of loss; and
• where relevant, the ACAS Code uplift (up to 25%) becomes more material where the underlying compensatory award is no longer capped.

As a result "reward governance" and paper trails are more important than ever.

Reduction in qualifying service and removal cap taken together

Given the increase in the number of employees eligible to bring ordinary unfair dismissal claims, we are likely to see an increase in the number of these claims being issued in an already overloaded employment tribunal system. One of the Government's aims in removing the compensation cap for ordinary unfair dismissal claims is to remove what it calls the "systemic incentive" for claimants to construct whistleblowing and discrimination claims in order to bypass the cap. The Government's view is that this should help to decrease the burden on the tribunal system. Whether or not the broadening of ordinary unfair dismissal rights will in fact result in fewer whistleblowing and/or discrimination claims being issued remains to be seen. Furthermore, an increase of claims form highly rewarded individuals requiring complex loss assessments leading to lengthy remedy hearing is likely to offset any claim reduction.

Spent convictions

Currently, the existence of a spent conviction, or a failure to disclose it, is not a "proper ground" for dismissal (section 4(3)(b), Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974). In consequence, unless the Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974 (Exceptions) Order 1975 (SI 1975/1023) (Exceptions Order) applies, any dismissal on these grounds would likely be automatically unfair. Nevertheless (together with a TUPE related dismissal) while automatically unfair the ordinary minimum qualifying service (that is, currently two years) applies to such unfair dismissal claims.

Schedule 3 of the ERA 2025 also removes the qualifying period for protection against unfair dismissal for reason of spent convictions.

Next steps

The above package of dismissal changes come into force on 1 January 2027. The Government is adopting a commencement approach, meaning from 1 January 2027 extend protection against 'ordinary' unfair dismissal is immediately given to employees who already have six months' service or more. Other employees will gain this protection once they reach six months' service.

Note: The reduction of the qualifying period and the removal of the cap on compensatory awards will apply to any case where the effective date of termination (EDT) falls on or after 1 January 2027. For the purposes of the reduction of the qualifying period, this includes cases where the employee is dismissed before 1 January 2027, but the EDT falls on or after that date by virtue of the statutory extension under section 97(2) of the ERA 1996 (where the requisite minimum statutory notice is not given). However, this statutory extension of the EDT does not apply to the calculation of the compensatory award. In relation to the removal of the cap, the change will only apply to dismissals where the actual EDT is on or after 1 January 2027.

Policy

Strengthening rights for pregnant workers.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 26 and 27 (pregnancy/family leave dismissals)

1. The Secretary of State is given powers to make provision in regulations about redundancy during or after a protected period of pregnancy and maternity leave.
2. The Secretary of State is given new powers to make provision in regulations about dismissal for reasons other than redundancy, during or after a protected period of pregnancy and maternity leave.
3. Supplementary regulations may be made setting out:
   • the circumstances in which it will be fair to dismiss a pregnant woman or new mother;
   • the length of the period of this enhanced protection after the employee has returned to work; and
   • any procedural elements, such as notice and evidence requirements.
4. The Secretary of State is also given powers to extend the protections to a wider set of parents returning from other family related leaves, for example Adoption Leave.

Consultation

On 23 October 2025, the Consultation: Make Work Pay: enhanced dismissal protections for pregnant women and new mothers was published and closed on 15 January 2026.

The consultation sets out two options regarding when the dismissal of a pregnant woman or new mother should be permitted:

Option 1: A new general test of fairness

• The existing five potentially fair reasons for dismissal would continue to apply, but employers would also need to meet a stricter new standard when relying on that reason to dismiss in the case of a pregnant woman or new mother.

Option 2: A narrower application of the existing reasons

• The existing five potentially fair reasons could be narrowed, or removed altogether, in the case of pregnant women and new mothers. The consultation then considers each potentially fair reason in turn.

We await the Government's response.

Comment

Pregnant women and new mothers also already have enhanced protections against redundancy dismissals. This covers the pregnancy period, the time spent on maternity leave and a return-to work period. The protections give those employees priority for being offered suitable and alternative roles if any are available and place them ahead of other employees who are also at risk of redundancy.

However, redundancy is only one of the five potentially fair reasons for dismissal. Individuals can also be dismissed because of conduct; capability; a statutory prohibition on their employment; or some other substantial reason which justifies dismissal. The new enhanced dismissal protections may cover some or all of these reasons.

Next steps

Any provisions to be introduced are not expected to come into force until sometime in 2027.

Policy

End unscrupulous fire and rehire tactics.

The ERA 2025 – Section 28 (Variation of contract dismissals)

The s26 ERA 2025 changes fall under three headings:

1. Automatically unfair where change is a 'restricted variation' (a new s104I inserted into the ERA 1996)
2. Amended fairness test for unfair dismissal in non-restricted variation cases with statutory factors employment tribunals must take into account (new s104J inserted into the ERA 1996)
3. Automatic unfair dismissal where outsourcing (new s104K inserted into the ERA 1996)

Automatically unfair where change is a 'restricted variation

1. It will be an automatically unfair dismissal if an employee is dismissed or replaced in order to make changes to core terms in their employment contract (protected as 'restricted variations').
2. 'Restricted variations' will cover changes to:
   1. pay (widely defined),
   2. pensions,
   3. number of hours work,
   4. timing or duration of shifts,
   5. holiday entitlement, and
   6. anything else the Secretary of State sets out in Regulations.

In other words, a variation in relation to pay, pensions, hours and holiday leave.

3. A restricted variation dismissal will not be 'automatically' unfair where an employer can show:
   1. The reason for the variation was to eliminate, prevent, significantly reduce or significantly mitigate the effects of financial difficulties which, at the time of the dismissal, were affecting the employer's ability to carry on the business as a going concern.
   2. Where an employer does not operate on a going concern basis, for example certain public sector bodies, the employer would have demonstrated the reason for the variation was to eliminate, prevent, significantly reduce or significantly mitigate the effects of financial difficulties which, at the time of the dismissal, were affecting the employer's ability to carry on activities constituting the business; and
   3. in all the circumstances the employer could not reasonably have avoided the need to make the variation.



Amended fairness test for unfair dismissal in non-restricted variation cases

4. A dismissal for failing to agree to a 'not restricted variation' (for example a change of location or job role) will not be automatically unfair, however consultation will be required. The question of fairness must be judged on the basis of:
   1. the reason for the variation;
   2. any consultation carried out by the employer with the employee, and recognised trade union or employee representatives (if applicable)
   3. anything offered to the employee by the employer in return for agreeing to the variation;
   4. any matters specified in regulations made by the Secretary of State.
5. The Act also provides that variations to expenses, payments and benefits in kind and to shift patterns may be excluded from the definition of a restricted variation. The consultation, which closes on 1 April 2026, seeks views on the scope of those potential exclusions (see below).



Automatic unfair dismissal where outsourcing

6. As originally drafted, the variation of contract provisions would not apply in a situation where the employer sought to make the change by dismissing its employees and replaced them with people who would not be employees – such as agency workers or independent contractors. This potential loophole was closed as the provisions as passed into law contain a section headed "Redundancy: replacement of employees with people who are not employees".

Anti-avoidance measure

Currently, there are two ways that a contractual clause may permit variation: (1) a clear and unambiguous clause permitting the change in question; (2) a general flexibility clause giving the employer the ability to make some changes. It should be remembered that a general flexibility clause will not allow an employer to make significant changes. In practice, employers are unlikely to be able to rely on it to make anything other than reasonable or minor changes which are not detrimental to the employee. The new statutory provisions do not override existing contractual clauses, but...

When in force (expected 1 January 2027), inserting a unilateral variation clause will in and of itself be a restricted variation where the clause would enable changes to pay, hours, pensions or leave without the employee's agreement (the 'restricted variations').

Comment

Restricted variations

The changes go far beyond what many employers would consider an unscrupulous use of 'fire & rehire' tactics. From 1 January 2027, where such a change amounts to a restricted variation, it will no longer be possible (outside of a financial distress situation) to insist an employee agrees to a variation no matter how compelling the justification for the variation.

Back in May 2024, Labour set out its ambition to end the "scourge of fire and rehire". However, the mechanism through which the Government is seeking to achieve this is not by overtly preventing the employer from firing someone, but rather by restricting an employer's ability to change certain core contractual terms and conditions of employment (known as "restricted variations"). Crucially, the employer's justification for the "restricted variation" is irrelevant. Even a fair and well‑reasoned business rationale will not prevent the dismissal from being automatically unfair. The only exception is where the employer is facing very serious financial distress - effectively on the brink of insolvency. That is a high threshold, and routine cost‑saving measures during a difficult trading period, will not suffice.

Non-restricted variations

Variations relating to an employee's duties as long as pay, hours ad holidays stay the same are not "restricted variations". But beware if in a reorganisation an employee is downgraded, subject to a time-limited red circling of pay, such a variation is highly likely to still be a 'restricted variation' – no doubt future legal arguments and judicial scrutiny will follow.

As for the fairness test to be applied for refusing to agree to a variation that is not a restricted variation, the Tribunal must consider:

• The reason for the variation
• Any consultation carried out; and
• Anything offered to the employee for agreeing to the variation.

As matters tribunals already take into consideration, this is unlikely to result in any changes.

Outsourcing

Potentially more significant that it appears at first blush, it should be noted:

• It does not depend on an employer seeking to engage people on varied terms and conditions. It applies whenever an employer dismisses employees for the principal reason of replacing them with people who are not employees.
• Such a dismissal will be automatically unfair provided the new individual is carrying out substantially the same activities as the employee and the dismissal is not wholly or mainly attributable to the fact that the employer’s need for those activities have ceased or diminish.

For example, if an employer replaces an administration clerk employee with a self-employed contractor who only works occasional hours then that will not be automatically unfair if the change has been prompted by the fact that the employer no longer has enough administration work to justify having an employee to do it. But, if the employer simply wants to replace its employee with a self-employed contractor or agency worker because that would be cheaper, then any dismissals would be automatically unfair.

Tension with regulatory requirements

An employer, who is not in financial distress, may in future be caught between regulatory compliance and automatic unfair dismissal. For example, changing pay in line with future updates to the Financial Conduct Authority's (FCA) or Prudential Regulation Authority's (PRA) Remuneration Codes may cause difficulty in future. To date, there has not been any guidance on this issue.

Consultation

On 4 February 2026, the Government published the consultation Make Work Pay: fire and rehire – changes to expenses, benefits, and shift patterns, which closed on 1 April 2026.

1. As regards changes to expenses, payments and benefits in kind, the Government has identified two options:
   • Option 1 (Government preferred option): variations to expenses, payments and benefits in kind would not be treated as restricted variations at all. Employers would, therefore, be able to make changes to these terms, and while an employee dismissed for refusing to accept the change might still pursue an ordinary unfair dismissal claim, they would not benefit from the enhanced protection of automatic unfair dismissal.
   • Option 2: Exclude changes to expenses and benefits in kind from being restricted variations except for variations to certain share schemes, travel expenses and accommodation which would be protected.
2. As regards shift patterns, the two options under consideration are:
   • Option 1 (Government preferred option): treat changes from day to night working (and vice versa), and from weekday to weekend working (and vice versa), as restricted variations. Other changes to shift patterns would fall outside the automatic unfair dismissal regime.
   • Option 2: no changes to shift patterns should be treated as a restricted variation.

Next steps

The changes are expected to come into force on 1 January 2027, but precise date in January yet to be confirmed.

Policy

Strengthen provisions on collective redundancy.

The ERA 2025 – Section 29 (Consultation thresholds)

1. The obligation under s188 TULRCA 1992 to collectively consult and an HR1 form submitted when an employer proposes within a 90-day period either:
   • 20 or more employees at one establishment; or
   • at least the "threshold number of employees", without the 'at one establishment' requirement.
2. The Secretary of State is given the power to make regulations specifying the threshold number of employees. The threshold number, which cannot be lower than 20, is yet to be determined and may be a specified number, a specified percentage of the employees or a combination of both. The detail on how the additional trigger will operate (including what the threshold number or percentage will be) will be set in future regulations.
3. If the additional trigger applies, the employer will need to count redundancies across its whole business as opposed to at individual sites, to determine if the obligation to collectively consult is triggered.
4. Where the employees whom the employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant are not all at one establishment:
   1. an employer will not be required to consult all appropriate representatives together, nor to undertake consultation with a view to reaching the same agreement with all the appropriate representatives.
   2. employers will be required to disclose in writing to the appropriate representatives the total number of employees it is proposing to dismiss and the establishments in which they are employed.


5. The trigger for the obligation to notify the Secretary of State will be aligned. Where the employer is proposing to dismiss as redundant 100 or more employees, the notification will be required at least 45 days before the first dismissal takes effect, instead of 30 days.


6. The trigger for consultation obligations on a TUPE transfer (pre-transfer commencement of redundancy consultation) under s 198A TULRCA 1992) will be aligned with the trigger for collective consultation obligations.

Comment

No doubt the policy remains aimed at closing the perceived Woolworths loophole (there was a closure of all stores nationally, but as each store a separate 'establishment' only employees at the larger stores had collective consultation rights triggered). The Government's explanatory statement to these amended provisions, confirms that its intention is that, where employees are being made redundant at more than one establishment across a business, the trigger for collective consultation under s188 and notification under s193 can be set at a higher number than 20 employees (which will remain the trigger in relation to redundancies at one establishment).

We await the crucial detail as to when collective consultation across more than one establishment will be required. We do not yet know what the threshold number or percentage will be, but no doubt the change will see the duty to consult triggered more frequently. Employers with multiple sites should consider how they can better track and record redundancies across their business. Without such systems in place, the change would increase the risk of inadvertent breaches even if robust and otherwise generally fair (non-collective) redundancy exercises have been carried out at individual sites.

Consultation

On 26 February 2026, the Government published the consultation Make Work Pay: threshold for triggering collective redundancy obligations which runs until 21 May 2026.

The Government is seeking views on the level and methods by which the new organisation-wide threshold for triggering collective redundancy obligations should be set.

The government is considering four options to set the new organisation-wide threshold:

• Method 1: Using a single fixed number.
  
  "X# or more employees (across the employer's organisation)"
• Method 2: Using a single percentage of the employers.
  
  "X% of the employer's total employees across the organisation"
• Method 3: Fixed number, based on number of employees.
  
  "the threshold number of employees which applies to that employer i.e.:
  • A# or more redundancies, for employers with 0-X employees;
  • B# or more redundancies, for employers with X -Y employees;
  • C# or more redundancies, for employers with over Y employees
• Method 4: Percentage & fixed based on # of employees
  
  "the threshold number of employees which applies to that employer:
  • A% of employees, where an employer employs fewer than Y# employees
  • B# or more employees, where an employer employs Y# or more employees."

If a tiered approach is chosen the likely thresholds under consideration are:

• 250 redundancies for organisations with 0–2,499 employees
• 500 redundancies for organisations with 2,500–9,999 employees
• 750 redundancies for organisations with 10,000 or more employees

The Government is also seeking views on how the percentage or total number of employees hold be calculated – for example, an average over a specified time or as at a particular date and if so which date?

Finally, the Government is seeking view on employees to be excluded, such as short-term, fixed-term employees.

Next steps

An additional consultation is to be launched on the content of the implementing regulations.

As for implementation, the as yet to be finalised new threshold provisions to be implemented sometime in 2027.

Policy

Strengthen provisions on collective redundancy.

The ERA 2025 – Section 30 (Protective awards)

The maximum period of the protective award (the remedy a tribunal can award when an employer fails to meet its collective redundancy consultation obligations, requiring the employer to pay remuneration to employees) will be doubled from 90 to 180 days’ pay per affected employee.

Comment

The change to the protected period for a protective award will make the cost of non-compliance with collective consultation obligations significantly more expensive for employers. To address non-compliance as a result of employers misunderstanding the complex collective consultation framework, the Government has committed to produce guidance for employers of all sizes on compliance with collective consultation obligations "in due course".

Note, it will remain the case that where a company is insolvent the eight-week cap for payment by the Insolvency Service will remain unchanged (the balance instead being an unsecured debt in the insolvency).

Next steps

The provisions doubling the protective award period to come into force on 6 April 2026.

The increase does not apply to dismissals taking effect before 6 April 2026.

Policy

Improved protection of workers in public sector outsourcing.

The ERA 2025 – Section 32 (Public sector)

S32 empowers Ministers of the Crown, Scottish and Welsh Ministers to reinstate and strengthen the two-tier Code (the ‘Code’) through both regulations and a statutory code of practice that will apply to procurements where transferred public sector staff and private sector employees will be working alongside each other to deliver an outsourced public sector services contract.

This power can be used, amongst other things, to set out minimum requirements and the circumstances in which they should be applied.

Comment

The intention of this provision is to ensure parity of treatment between individuals transferring from the public sector and those employed by the private sector supplier. The Government has separately indicated that measures ensuring that outsourcing of services can no longer be used by employers to avoid paying equal pay will be delivered through the Equality (Race and Disability) Bill.

Next steps

The two-tier Code of Practice is expected to be in force on 1 October 2026.

Policy

Strengthening working women's protections from maternity and menopause discrimination and introduce gender pay gap action plans.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 33 & 34 (Employer duties to equality)

1. Equality plans

1. The Secretary of State is given power to make regulations which require employers with 250 or more employees and some public sector employers to:
   1. develop and publish an equality action plan showing the steps that they are taking in relation to their employees with regard to matters related to gender equality; and
   2. publish prescribed information relating to the plan.
2. Regulations may not require an employer to publish information more frequently than every 12 months.
3. A matter is related to gender equality if it is related to "advancing equality of opportunity between male and female employees" and include:
   1. addressing the gender pay gap; and
   2. supporting employees going through the menopause. 

2. Outsourced workers

1. The Secretary of State is given power to make regulations requiring require private and voluntary sector employers with at least 250 employees in Great Britain to publish information about the service providers that they contract with for outsourced services.

Comment

Gender pay gap report

Employers who are already required to publish gender pay gap reports will also be required to develop and publish an 'equality action plan' showing the steps that they are taking with regard to gender equality, including addressing the gender pay gap and supporting employees going through the menopause.

The implementing regulations may also set out certain requirements in respect of the plan, such as its contents, frequency of publication and any requirements for board approval.

See our blog on Menopause Action Plans - a new milestone on the Employment Rights Bill roadmap.

On 7 April 2026, the Government published step-by-step guidance for employers on creating an action plan, supplementing the overview guidance on action plans which was published on 4 March 2026.

On 21 May 2026, the statutory guidance, Gender pay gap reporting: guidance for employers, was updated following the Supreme Court decision in For Women Scotland Ltd v Scottish Ministers [2025] UKSC 16 on the definition of sex in the Equality Act 2010 (EqA 2010).

The section "Recording employees' gender" in the chapter "Preparing your data" has been replaced by a section titled "Recording employees' sex". It explains that the terms "male", "female", "men" and "women" in the EqA 2010 refer to a person's biological sex and, as the regulations covering gender pay gap reporting are made under the EqA 2010, gender pay gap reporting must be based on employees' biological sex, including where the individual has a Gender Recognition Certificate.

Outsourced workers information

Before the Public Bills Committee, it was made clear that the provisions of the Bill are limited to "getting large employers to disclose who they have outsourcing relationships with". In other words, large employers will only need to disclose with whom it contracts for outsourced workers. It will not extend to including pay data of outsourced workers within the end-users pay gap reports. Instead, the measure will simply link the outsourced workers' employer's pay gap reporting to the end-user.

Next steps

The mandatory inclusion of gender pay gap and menopause action plans in Gender Pay Gap Reports is expected to come into force from April 2027 with introduction on a voluntary basis from April 2026.

As for the gender pay gap outsourcing measures, implementation of those provisions is yet to be set due to related changes under the related Equality (Race & Disability) Bill.

Policy

Reinstating the School Support Staff Negotiating Body (SSSNB), to establish national terms and conditions, career progression routes, and fair pay rates.

The ERA 2025 – Section 38 (SSSNB)

• Establishing and setting out the remit for a new SSSNB.
• Outlines matters within the SSSNB's remit to include remuneration, terms and conditions, training, and career progression for school support staff.
• Gives the Secretary of State the power to refer matters to the SSSNB and ratify their agreements through regulations, which incorporate new terms and conditions in the employment contracts of school support staff.
• Regulations made by the Secretary of State cannot worsen existing terms of employment or prevent more favourable terms being offered to school support staff.

Comment

The SSSNB will bring together employer and employee representatives to negotiate minimum pay, terms and conditions for support staff in the school sector – similar to national level collective bargaining.

Agreements ratified by the Secretary of State on pay, terms and conditions will be incorporated into individual employee contracts, where they are currently on terms below the new statutory minimums agreed by the SSSNB to establish a consistent national 'floor' that all school support staff can expect, whilst protecting individual employee entitlements beyond this.

School support staff covers those employed by local education authorities (LEAs) in England and governing bodies maintained by LEAs in England under a contract of employment providing for the person to work wholly at one or more schools maintained by an LEA in England, and those employed by academies.

Next steps

We await the publication of the Government response to the Setting up the SSSNB consultation which ran from 11 June-18 July 2025. Further consultation with the TUC is expected thereafter.

Outcomes arising from the SSSNB will be incorporated in school support staff contracts from the 2027-28 financial year at the earliest.

Policy

A new fair pay agreement in the adult social care sector will help to establish national terms and conditions and fair pay rates.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 39 to 55 (Social Care Workers)

• Introduction of sectoral agreements in the adult social care sector in England and to adult and child social care in Wales and Scotland.
• The Secretary of State is given power to establish a Fair Pay Agreement (FBA) and to create Social Care Negotiating Body (SCNB).
• Outlines matters within the SCNB's remit to include the remuneration and terms and conditions applicable to social care workers, and 'any other specified matters' relating to their employment.
• 'Social care worker' means any person who is employed (meaning as an employee or worker) wholly or mainly in, or in connection with, the provision of adult social care in England and to adult and child social care in Wales and Scotland defined as:

"Any form of personal care or other practical assistance provided for individuals who, by reason of age, illness, disability, pregnancy, childbirth, dependence on alcohol or drugs or any other similar circumstances, are in need of such care or other assistance".

• If a Fair Pay Agreement is ratified:
  • Social care workers' pay will be determined by and paid in accordance with the agreement; and
  • Terms and conditions in the agreement will have effect as a term of their employment contract with inconsistent terms having no effect.
• The Secretary of State is given power make regulations regarding:
  • how the SCNB may consider matters within its remit, the procedure for reconsideration, provisions relating to disagreements and ratification, and the ability of the Secretary of State to 'step in' where agreement cannot be reached;
  • allow for guidance and codes of practice to be issued;
  • impose record keeping obligations on employers; and
  • amend the National Minimum Wage Act 1998.

Comment

The Government originally committed to establishing sector-wide collective bargaining through which unions would negotiate fair pay agreements with employers across an entire industry (instead of merely a single employer or workplace). Instead, there will be the introduction of a fair pay agreement limited to parts of the social care sector where the Government has identified issues relating to relatively high turnover and vacancy rates. A fair pay agreement is aimed at empowering workers, trade unions and employers to negotiate fair pay, terms and conditions, and training standards.

Consultation

On 30 September 2025, the Government launched a consultation "Fair pay agreement process in adult social care" which closed on 16 January 2026. This consultation sought to gather views from the sector on how to establish the best way to collectively agree a fair pay agreement.

On 16 July 2026, the Government published its Response to the consultation and confirmed its intention to establish the Adult Social Care Negotiating Body in England by the end of 2026. The new body will bring together trade unions and employers to negotiate the first fair pay agreement on behalf of the adult social care sector. Care providers and care workers will be able to vote on key issues including pay, terms and conditions and wider employment issues through a regular negotiation process.

Alongside these measures, the Government is expanding the Care Workforce Pathway, described as the first universal career structure for adult social care. The expansion includes 10 new role categories, such as care technologists and activity co-ordinators, and covers roles beyond health and social work, such as catering and maintenance positions. The pathway is intended to set out clearer responsibilities, development routes and progression opportunities.

Next steps

1. 6 April 2026: power to establish Social Care Negotiating Bodies and set out how they operate
2. By end of 2026: establish the Adult Social Care Negotiating Body in England.
3. Early 2027: Appoint an independent chair
4. April 2027: first round of negotiations to commence
5. April 2028: first settlement expected to be reached
6. 2028/29: Fair Pay Agreements come into effect and applied to workers’ contracts.

The Scottish and Welsh Governments will engage their respective sectors separately on establishing a negotiating body and process for fair pay agreements in Scotland and Wales.

Policy

Strengthening trade union legislation and simplifying the process of statutory recognition.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 58 to 66 (Trade Unions)

A. Repeal of the Trade union act 2016

The Employment Rights Act repeals the great majority of the Trade Union Act 2016 resulting in the following changes:

Since 18 February 2026

1. New members joining a trade union will automatically be opted in to contribute to a political fund, unless they expressly opt out.
2. Trade unions no longer have to pay for the administration of check-off in the public sector.
3. The requirement for public sector employers to publish information on the amount of facility time taken by union officials removed. The power to impose a cap on facility time in the public sector also removed.
4. Trade unions will no longer have to adhere to certain reporting requirements relating to industrial action. This includes providing additional information on the voting paper, to members and employers, and to the Certification Officer in their annual return.
5. The Certification Officer will no longer have various investigatory powers to undertake investigations into a trade union. However they will continue to have the power to investigate financial affairs, which was brought in prior to the Trade Union Act 2016.

Since 1 April 2026

6. The power requiring trade unions and employers’ associations to pay a levy to the Certification Officer removed.

Also see 'Industrial action – trade union protections' heading below

B. Right to access workplaces & notice of statutory rights

From 30 October 2026

1. Right to statement of trade union rights: Employers will be required to provide to an employee a written statement of the worker's right to join a trade union. This statement must be given at the same time as the employer provides the statement of their employment particulars, and at 'other prescribed times' that will be set out in regulations.
2. Right for trade unions to access workplaces: A new statutory framework through which trade unions can negotiate with an employer physical and/or virtual access to workplaces. Where these negotiations are unsuccessful, the Central Arbitration Committee (CAC) can impose access terms, subject to various factors. Only businesses with fewer than 21 workers in total will be entirely exempt from access requests. This headcount threshold will be assessed on an employer-wide basis rather than a workplace-specific basis.

See Comment/consultations below

C. Trade union recognition

Since 6 April 2026

1. Removal of the requirement at the application stage (and at other stages of the recognition scheme) for a union to demonstrate that there is likely to be majority support for trade union recognition.
2. Removal of the 40% support threshold at the recognition ballot stage (reverting to a simple majority threshold).

From 30 October 2026

3. Reforms to the provisions on unfair practices during the recognition/derecognition process, including:
   1. extending protection to the entirety of the process; and
   2. freezing the bargaining unit when an application is received

D. Time off for trade union duties and activities

From 30 October 2026

Sections 168 and 168A of TULRCA 1992 will be amended to provide that:

• Where an employer permits a union official or learning representative to take time off, the employer must, if asked to do so, "provide the employee with such accommodation and other facilities … as is reasonable in all the circumstances, having regard to any relevant provisions of a Code of Practice issued by Acas".
• Employees may complain to an employment tribunal that their employer has failed to provide them with facilities.
• In cases where an employee complains that they have not been permitted to take time off, it will be "for the employer to show that the amount of time off which the employee proposed to take was not a reasonable amount of time off".

Similar rights are to be introduced for equality representatives as those currently in place for learning representatives.

On 7 July 2026, the Government published an updated Code of Practice to take account of these changes due to come into effect on 30 October 202.

Comment/Consultations

Statutory recognition & derecognition

The Act will simplify the route to statutory recognition by revising the relevant voting thresholds. The majority of the reforms in this regard, simply take us back to the pre-2016 position and are some of the first ERA 2025 changes to have been implemented on 6 April 2026. This includes the removal of the 40% support threshold at the recognition ballot stage (reverting to a simple majority threshold) making it much easier for a union to obtain recognition.

The former 10% application threshold test has been replaced with a "required percentage" test, but note, the "required percentage" remains at 10% while further consultation is undertaken. We wait to see just where the application threshold will be set in future, which could be as low as 2%.

The specification that after the CAC receives a recognition application from a union, the number of workers in the proposed bargaining unit cannot be increased for the purposes of the recognition process is designed to stop the recruitment of new workers for the purpose of diluting union membership during recognition campaigns, though this would already be a highly unusual tactic in practice. Note, while the number cannot go up, it can still go down for the purposes of the recognition process.

Access & statement of rights

The new rights for trade unions to access workplaces for recruitment and organisation purposes including physical and digital/virtual access is a long-standing goal of the trade union movement. This combined with the requirement to provide workers with a statement of their right to join a trade union and the simplification of the trade union recognition process has the potential to significantly affect industrial relations.

The detail on what this will involve is being left to implementing regulations. On this front we have had several consultations:

A) Workplace access

Following an initial October 2025 consultation, the Government's response was to publish a draft Code of Practice with further consultation, Make Work Pay: draft code of practice on trade union right of access ran in April and May 2027  with the draft Code of Practice setting out how the right of access should operate

On 7 July 2026 the final version of the Code was published along side the draft Trade Unions (Right to Access Workplaces) Regulations 2026 were published, and the draft Trade Unions (Right to Access Workplaces) (Required Information) Regulations 2026. Setting out the procedural and operational detail of the right of access framework.

The key aspects are:

• Unions can ask employers for both physical and digital access. for the purposes of meeting, supporting, representing, recruiting or organising workers, and facilitating collective bargaining. Importantly, organising industrial action is explicitly excluded from the permitted purposes.
• Employers will have a 15-day response period after receiving an access request (which can be extended by agreement), with a 25 day negotiation period (which cannot be extended) if the request is not agreed in full.

The new Code of Practice will be the main source of practical guidance covering:

• the process for submitting and responding to access requests:
• where and when access should take place; and
• how financial penalties operate, distinguishing
• More complex access arrangements, such as where the employer does not control the premises, where workers have non-typical working patterns and where access is sought through digital means.
• The Code also includes standardised templates for
  • an access request,
  • access response,
  • notifying the CAC that access has been agreed, and
  • notifying the CAC of a variation or revocation of an access agreement
• These templates are likely to become market practice.

B) Statement of Rights

On 23 October 2025, the Government published a consultation Make Work Pay: duty to inform workers of right to join a union. The consultation, which closed on 18 December 2025, sought views on the content, format, delivery and frequency of the statement of right to join a union. The Government's stated preferred option is for the use of a Standard Statement provided by the Government that employers would issue adding only workplace specific details. However, with less than 3 months before the new duty is in force, we still await the outcome of the Consultation and any template statements.

Electronic balloting (recognition and derecognition)

Currently, Statutory Recognition and Derecognition ballots may be carried out using postal or workplace balloting. The Make Work Pay: recognition code of practice and e-balloting unfair practices consultation ran from 4 February 2026 and closed on 1 April 2026.

The consultation is in two parts. The first part seeks views on a revised Code of Practice on 'access and unfair practices during recognition and derecognition ballots', which is being updated to reflect legislative changes. The second part seeks views on changing unfair practice legislation to prevent interference in electronic recognition and derecognition ballots, ahead of electronic voting for such ballots being introduced. We await the outcome of the Government response to the consultation.

Next steps

The repeal of the provisions under the Trade Union Act 2016 came into force on 18 February 2026.

Many of the provisions on simplifying the trade union recognition process came into force on 6 April 2026 (see above).

The provisions regarding the new right of access to the workforce, statements of trade union rights and union representative facilities are expected to come into force on 30 October 2026. Following implementation, the Government will review the statutory access framework within six months, with a further consultation on potential changes to the Regulations and Code of Practice anticipated in early spring 2027.

While the introduction of electronic balloting for statutory trade union ballots, political fund/resolution ballots, union elections, and union merger ballots are expected to come into force on 25 August 2026, the electronic balloting for recognition and derecognition ballots is not expected until sometime in 2027.

Policy

Modernise the rules on blacklisting.

The ERA 2025 – Section 67 (Blacklists)

1. Extends prohibitions to lists that are not prepared for the purposes of discrimination, but that subsequently are used for that purpose.
2. Gives the Secretary of State power to widen the scope of the existing power in relation to third parties compiling lists and third-party use of blacklists.

Comment

Section 67 widely expands what may amount to a 'prohibited list'. Currently it is unlawful for employers, employment agencies and others to compile, sell, supply or use a 'prohibited list' of trade union members or activists for discriminatory purposes such as employment vetting. To be a 'prohibited list' the list must:

• contain details of persons who are or have been trade union members or persons taking or have taken part in trade union activities; and
• be "compiled with a view to it being used by employers or employment agencies for the purposes of discrimination in relation to recruitment or in relation to the treatment of workers".

The proposed change will mean that legitimate lists kept by employers such as payroll or attendance lists will become a 'prohibited list' ('blacklist') if or whenever it is used for the purpose of trade union discrimination.

The second provision will enable regulations to be brought in to ensure that where AI compiles a list, where that list is subsequently used or sold or supplied by a person with a view to discriminate, that list becomes a prohibited list at that point.

Next steps

A consultation is expected to be launched soon on a package of trade union measures including protection against detriments for taking industrial action and blacklisting.

While the power to make regulations will come into force two months after the ERB is passed, the Government does intend to do so until sometime in 2027.

Policy

Strengthen the collective voice of workers.

The ERA 2025 – Sections 68 to 75 and 78 (Industrial Action ballots).

A. Repeal of the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023

Since 18 December 2025

Removal of the unused minimum service level provisions

B. Repeal of the Trade union act 2016

The Employment Rights Act repeals the great majority of the Trade Union Act 2016 (also see 'Trade Unions' heading above) including the following changes:

Since 18 February 2026

1. Removal of the "support threshold" for industrial action ballots in important public services, which had required least 40% of those entitled to vote must vote in favour.
2. Removal of the requirement for union supervision of picketing.
   1. On 5 March 2026 the Code of Practice on Picketing was updated to reflect the changes
   2. The Code itself does not impose any legal obligations but may be taken into account in any relevant court, tribunal or Central Arbitration Committee proceedings.

   Date yet to be confirmed

3. Removal of the minimum "turnout threshold" of 50% of those eligible to vote (see below)

C. Modified Trade Union Act 2016 provisions

Since 18 February 2026

1. Retaining the ballot mandate expiration date (but increasing it from 6 to 12 months);
2. Shortening the 14-day notice period for industrial action from 14 to 10 days.
3. Retaining the independence of the Certification Officer from political control.

D. Ballot Notices

Since 18 February 2026

1. Removal of the provisions which require certain information to be included on the ballot paper (summary of the trade dispute, specify the type of industrial action if other than a strike and the time period the industrial action is to take place).
2. Removal of the requirement for unions to provide information to the employer on how many members were entitled to vote and whether the minimum thresholds have been met.

E. Electronic Balloting

From 25 August 2026

1. Introduction of electronic and workplace balloting for statutory trade union ballots (see below)

Electronic balloting

On 23 June 2026, the Government published its Response to the consultation - Make Work Pay: draft code of practice on electronic and workplace balloting for statutory union ballots together with a revised draft Code of Practice and the Trade Unions (Permissible Means of Voting) and Employment Rights (Unfair Dismissal) (Amendment) Order 2026.

Under the current legislative system, statutory trade union ballots must be held by post. The provisions contained in the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 (TULR(C)A) will be amended to permit electronic and hybrid voting methods for industrial action ballots, political fund/resolution ballots, union elections, and union merger ballots.

Electronic voting means that voters will be sent their voting materials, and can cast their votes, electronically. Hybrid voting means that voters are sent their voting materials by post and can cast their vote either by post or electronically. The option of workplace voting (in person via a physical ballot box) will also be introduced, but for industrial action ballots only.

The choice of voting method is left to the union subject to some basic criteria such as consideration of the security of the ballot and the ability of everyone entitled to vote to do so. Workplace voting for industrial action ballots will require a written agreement with the employer before the ballot and a secured qualifying location.

Union recognition and derecognition ballots will not be included on the move to electronic balloting for the time being, but the Government intends to introduce electronic and hybrid voting for such ballots sometime in 2027 (see above).

The Order and Code of Practice both come into force on 25 August 2026.

Turnout thresholds

The ERA 2025 includes provision to repeal the 50% turnout threshold for all strike action. However, it is not yet clear when this reform will come into force. The Government is required under the ERA 2025 to assess the “impact of non-postal balloting on voter participation in industrial action ballots before repealing the 50% turnout threshold for those ballots”. Electronic balloting is being introduced from 25 August 2026, just how long any assessment  will be is yet to be confirmed.

If the 50% 'turnout threshold's is removed, this together with the 18 February 2026 removal of the 'support threshold' will result in a return to the pre-March 2017 position, meaning that provided the union allows all those being called upon to take action to vote, only a simple majority of those who actually vote will be needed to validate the action.

Next steps

The repeal of the Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 came into force immediately upon the passing of the Act on 18 December 2025.

The repeal or the modification of the provisions under the Trade Union Act 2016 and changes to ballot notifications came into force on 18 February 2026, save for the 'turnout threshold (see above).

The introduction of electronic and hybrid balloting for industrial action ballots, political fund/resolution ballots, union elections, and union merger ballots come into force on 25 August 2026.

 

Policy

Strengthen the collective voice of workers

The ERA 2025 – Sections 76 & 77 (Protection for taking Industrial Action)

1. Protection against detriment for taking industrial action. A worker will have the right not to be subjected as an individual to detriment by an act, or any deliberate failure to act, by the worker's employer, if the act or failure takes place for the sole or main purpose of preventing.
2. Employees will be protected against dismissal for taking part in industrial action for the length of the strike action by removing the current 'additional requirements' limiting the protected period (first 12 weeks only).

Unfair dismissal protection

On 18 February 2026, the 'additional requirements' for an employee to have protection from unfair dismissal for taking part in official industrial action including the 12 week limit on the protected period were removed. As such since 18 February 2026, protection under section 238A of TULRCA 1992 is provided both for the full duration of an official, lawful strike and after that strike has concluded meaning an employee will be automatically unfairly dismissed where the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for the dismissal is that the employee took such protected industrial action.

However, when section 77 ERA 2025 was brought into force the Government omitted to amend section 105(7C) ERA 1996 to ensure consistency for protection from selection for redundancy for taking protected industrial action. That is being rectified under the draft Trade Unions (Permissible Means of Voting) and Employment Rights (Unfair Dismissal) (Amendment) Order 2026.

Part 3 of the 2026 Order will amend section 105(7C) ERA 1996 so that, with effect from 18 February 2026, an employee who is dismissed for redundancy will be automatically unfairly dismissed if the reason (or, if more than one, the principal reason) for which they were selected for dismissal is that they had taken protected industrial action. This will not apply to protected industrial action that an employee started to take before 18 February 2026.

The 2026 Order has been laid before both Houses of Parliament on 22 June. It is expected to come into force in August 2026 (28 days after it receives approval) but with effect backdated to 18 February 2026.

Consultation - Protection from detriments

Make Work Pay: protection from detriments for taking industrial action - Consultation launched 26 February 2026, closed 23 April 2026.

The Government sought views on what the "prohibited detriments" protected under the new provisions - protection from being subjected to a detriment for the sole or main purpose of penalising, preventing or deterring them from taking industrial action - should be under the new s236A TULRCA 1992 inserted by the ERA 2025. Options being considered:

1. Prohibit all detriments (Government preferred option).
2. Create a list of prohibited detriments

The consultation also sought views on whether detriment claims under s 236A TULRCA 1992 should be added to the list of claims to which the 25% uplift for failure to comply with the Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures.

On 23 June 2026, the Government published its Response: Consultation on protection from detriments for taking industrial action and published the draft Protection Against Detriment (Industrial Action) Regulations 2026 to come into force on 30 October 2026.

As expected, all detriments imposed for the sole or main purpose of penalising, preventing or deterring a worker from taking industrial action will be prohibited. The Government concluded that a broad prohibition — consistent with the approach taken under section 146 TULR(C)A in relation to trade union membership and activities — offered stronger protection for workers and was less susceptible to circumvention than a prescribed list of prohibited detriments.

The Regulations also add such claims to the list of claims to which the 25% uplift for failure to comply with the Acas Code of Practice on Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures may be applied.

Comment

In April 2024, in the case of Secretary of State for Business and Trade v Mercer, the Supreme Court made a declaration of incompatibility in relation to the lack of statutory protection from detriment for taking part in lawful industrial action (for example, withdrawing discretionary benefits). The Court found that section 146 of the Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, which protects workers from detriment for taking part in trade union activities, does not provide protection from detriment for participating in lawful strike action. The Bill will rectify this perceived loophole.

Next steps

The extension of the unfair dismissal protected period came into force on 18 February 2026.

The provisions extending protections against detriments for taking industrial action are due to come into force on 30 October 2026.

Policy

Establishing a new single enforcement body, also known as a Fair Work Agency (FWA), to strengthen enforcement of workplace rights.

The ERA 2025 – Part 5 (Enforcement of Labour Market Legislation)

1. The Act provides that the Secretary of State has the function of enforcing certain specific 'labour market legislation' and allows for 'enforcement officers' to be appointed.
2. The legislation in scope includes (but is not limited to) the enforcement of:
   1. statutory sick pay (SSP) and the national minimum wage (NMW) – including entitlement to and record-keeping requirements;
   2. the right to paid annual leave;
   3. certain rules relating to the conduct of employment agencies and businesses;
   4. the financial penalties for a failure to pay compensation awarded or settled by the employment tribunal in a COT3; and
   5. some offences relating to gangmasters and modern slavery.
3. Detailed provisions are included in respect of the delegation of functions, the appointment of an Advisory Board, the requirement for a labour market enforcement strategy and reports, and various enforcement powers.
4. Enforcement notices
   1. The Secretary of State will be given power to issue a notice of underpayment to a "liable party" who has failed to pay a sum due to an "underpaid individual" under a provision of the labour market legislation set out in a schedule to the ERA 2025. This includes NMW, SSP and holiday pay.
   2. A notice of underpayment will require the liable party to pay the required sum within 28 days. A notice may be issued even where the sum has been paid by the time of giving the notice but may not be issued where proceedings have been brought in respect of the matter.
   3. Regulations may provide for the sum that must be paid to be calculated at the date of giving the notice, if that would be greater, to take account of any uprating in line with legislative changes.
   4. A notice of underpayment must require the "liable party" to pay a penalty to the Secretary of State of 200% of the sum specified in the notice, subject to a maximum of £20,000 for each individual and a minimum of £100 within 28 days. If paid within 14 days, the liable party is only required to pay the required sum due plus 50% of the penalty.
   5. A notice of underpayment may only relate to sums falling due in the six-year period before the date of the notice.
5. Power to bring employment tribunal proceedings
   1. In any case where a "worker" has the right to bring employment tribunal proceedings in England, Wales or Scotland, and it appears to the Secretary of State that the worker is not going to bring proceedings, the Secretary of State may, in place of the worker, bring those proceedings.
6. Power to provide legal assistance
   1. The Secretary of State is being given power to assist a person who is, or may become, party to civil proceedings in England, Wales or Scotland "relating to employment or trade union law or the law of labour relations" including the provision of legal advice and representation.
7. Power to recover costs of enforcement
   1. Regulations may be made to require a person who has failed to comply with any relevant labour market legislation to pay a charge relating to the enforcement costs incurred. The amount may be a fixed amount or be calculated by reference to an hourly rate.
8. Fraud
   1. Certain offences of fraud under the Fraud Act 2006, when committed in relation to a worker or work-seeker, are added to the list of "relevant labour market legislation" that may be enforced by the Secretary of State (or delegated to the FWA).

June 2026 Consultation: holiday pay enforcement

From sometime in 2027, the statutory right to holiday pay will be enforceable by the FWA (state enforcement). FWA enforcement is intended to complement the Employment Tribunal system (individual enforcement) and provide "an accessible, timely and effective route to resolution".

On 30 June 2026. The DBT launched a Consultation 'Make Work Pay: holiday pay compliance and enforcement' on the proposed approach to holiday pay compliance and enforcement by the FWA which runs until 22 September 2026.

The FWA's stated approach is to support employers to comply with the law and their obligations, and to and only to take punitive enforcement action where necessary. The consultation notes that calculating holiday pay entitlement can be complex and can lead to accidental non-compliance and underpayment. The FWA will therefore provide opportunities for employers to correct any underpayment rather than move straight to punitive enforcement action.

The FWA's stated approach is to support employers to comply with the law and their obligations, and to only take punitive enforcement action where necessary. The consultation notes that calculating holiday pay entitlement can be complex and can lead to accidental non-compliance and underpayment. The FWA will therefore provide opportunities for employers to correct any underpayment rather than move straight to punitive enforcement action.

The consultation's key proposals are:

• The claim period for FWA enforcement will be set at a maximum of six years.
• FWA enforcement will only apply to claims that occurred on or after 18 December 2025 (date the ERA 2025 was passed into law).
• The rules setting the amount of civil penalty for holiday pay enforcement will mirror the ones for enforcement of the national minimum wage, being. a penalty amount of 200% of arrears owed for each worker, a maximum penalty of £20,000 per worker and a minimum penalty of £100.
• Targeting enforcement. Views are sought on three options to focus FWA holiday pay enforcement on lower-paid workers or those in more vulnerable or precarious employment:
  • Option 1 - set a ‘cap’ on the maximum arrears a worker can receive from FWA enforcement,
  • Option 2 - prioritising holiday pay complaints from lower-paid workers; or
  • Option 3 - proactively targeting compliance and enforcement by geographical area.
• Finally, views are also sought on how, and to what extent, rolled-up holiday pay for workers with irregular hours or part-year working patterns is currently being used in practice.

Comment

The Government states it will establish the FWA to bring together existing enforcement functions in relation to the above. The aim is to improve workforce retention by strengthening the employment rights framework to provide clarity for employers, tackling the undercutting that good employers currently face when trying to do the right thing.

Many of these areas are already covered by existing enforcement agencies which are combined into one agency – the FWA. The ERA 2025 combines the Employment Agency Standards Inspectorate, HMRC's National Minimum Wage Enforcement Team, and the gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority and abolish the Director of Labour Market Enforcement.

A significant new addition is enforcement of rights to holiday pay. This was not previously subject to enforcement by a state agency, and it is also a notoriously complex area where employers may make inadvertent mistakes.

Since 2016, an employer who fails to pay a tribunal award/settlement can be subject to a penalty payable to the Secretary of State if the claimant completes an enforcement form. This is little used, indicating its inclusion is intended to bolster enforcement.

The powers to bring enforcement notices and employment tribunal proceedings are potentially a highly significant potential game changer to employment law enforcement. When it comes to brining proceedings, it appears that this power will extend to any employment tribunal proceedings and not just in relation to the "relevant labour market legislation". The ability of a governmental enforcement agency to step into a worker's shoes and bring employment tribunal litigation on their behalf is a truly significant change to the existing regime. It remains to be seen how this will work in practice and how often these powers will be utilised. A best guess will be that the FWA will prioritise use of enforcement notices while using the power to bring employment tribunal proceedings sparingly.

As for the power to assist, this is another substantial new power not seen before in the employment litigation. No detail has been provided as to which cases may be chosen for assistance and what kind of assistance may be provided other than legal advice and representation which does not extend to the provision of facilities to settle a dispute. The ability for the Secretary of State to claw back its costs will also need careful consideration. Similar to the power to bring employment tribunal proceedings on behalf of a worker (see Power to bring employment tribunal proceedings), this new power will also need appropriate levels of funding.

How effective of a body the FWA will be and how widely it will use its new extensive powers will largely come down to a question of financial resources and priorities for enforcement.

Next steps

The Fair Work Agency body was established on 7 April 2026 with transfer of existing enforcement activity from the Employment Agency Standards Inspectorate, HMRC's National Minimum Wage Enforcement Team, and the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority – New powers re sick pay and holiday pay to be implemented at later date.

April 2026: Strategic steer

On 7 April 2026, the Government published the Policy paper: Strategic steer to the Fair Work Agency setting out the priority areas for year-one delivery and expectations around organisational readiness and operational impact.

The paper confirms:

• From 7 April 2026, the FWA will have full responsibility for seeking legislative compliance with:
  1. agency regulations
  2. gangmasters licensing
  3. serious labour abuse, including modern slavery (with the police and with the National Crime Agency).
• During 2026/27, NMW enforcement will continue to be delivered by HMRC under a contracting arrangement with the FWA while the FWA prepares for the full transfer of NMW functions in April 2027
• The FWA will "prepare to commence" holiday pay enforcement in 2027 and set out a clear plan to extend enforcement to other rights".

June 2026: Tribunal awards enforcement guidance

Separately from the power to issue enforcement notices in relation to NMW, SSP and holiday pay, the FWA can also issue enforcement notices in relation to unpaid tribunal awards. On 10 June 2026. The FWA and DBT published guidance on the FWA's penalty enforcement and naming scheme for unpaid employment tribunal awards and Acas conciliation agreements (COT3).

Eligible claimants may apply where a tribunal judgment remains unpaid 42 days after issue or where a COT3 payment is not paid by the agreed date, provided the award or settlement was made on or after 6 April 2016. Applications can be submitted online or by downloading and returning forms by email or post.

The FWA will review each application and, if it takes action, will send the respondent a warning notice giving them 28 days to respond. Failure to do so may result in a financial penalty of 50% of the unpaid award (minimum £100, maximum £5,000) payable to the Government, not the claimant.

Notably, the service does not collect money on the claimant's behalf. If the respondent still does not pay the money owed to the claimant, the claimant can seek court enforcement.

Non-paying respondents may also be named on a publicly available list on GOV.UK.

Policy

Make settlement of holiday pay claims easier.

The ERA 2025 – Section 35 (Annual leave records)

A new reg 16B to be added to the Working Time Regulations 1998 imposing new obligations on employers to keep certain records relating to compliance with annual leave and pay for annual leave, including in relation to irregular hours and part-year workers.

Such records will need to be kept for six years, in such manner and format "as the employer reasonably thinks fit".

Failure to do so will constitute an offence, punishable by a fine.

Comment

This will sit alongside the existing requirement to keep and maintain for two years, adequate records to show compliance with the working time limits on average working time, night work and provision of health and safety assessments.

The six-year period for annual leave records ties in with the up to a six year period for which an enforcement issued by the Fair Work Agency will be able to relate (see Labour market enforcement above).

Next steps

In force 6 April 2026.

Policy

The time limits within which employees are able to make an employment claim is to be increased from three to six months.

The ERA 2025 – Section 153 (tribunal time limits)

The Act increases the time limits to bring the vast majority of employment tribunal claims from three months to six months.

Comment

The claims for which the time limit is being extended under the ERA 2025 is set out in Schedule 12 and is a very extensive list of claims including those under the Employment Rights Act 1995, TUPE 2006, the Working Time Regulations 1998, Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992, the Equality Act 2010, as well as others. The time limits for bringing employment tribunal claims not listed in Sch 12 (as primary legislation was not required) are also being extended under separate draft regulations published on 28 April 2026 including contract claims.

The new six-month time limit will only apply where the "relevant date" (the date of the less favourable treatment, detriment, or other infringement as the case may be) falls on or after 1 October 2026. In cases where the claimant is relying on a series of infringements, this date applies to the last in the series. In a contract claim, it applies to the effective date of termination.

The increase in time limits from three to six months is likely to lead to an increase in tribunal claims giving potential claimant longer to seek legal advice and also conclude internal grievances/appeals before deciding to initiate legal proceedings.

It should be noted that while the basic time limit is being extended from three to six months, Acas Early Conciliation with its 'stop the clock' provisions will continue to apply. In addition, tribunals will retain their ability to extend the time limits for example "where it is just and equitable" in discrimination case and "where it was not reasonably practicable to bring the claim earlier" in unfair dismissal cases. So, while the default has doubled, the margin for extensions remains.

Next steps

The increase in tribunal time limits are due to come into effect on 1 October 2026.

Policy

Support of public service.

The ERA 2025 – Section 19 (entitlement to leave)

The Secretary of State to review the scope of the right to time off for public duties generally and to specifically include those performing the functions of a special constable and to publish its findings within 12 months of the Act being passed - making the deadline for publication of its findings 18 December 2026.

Consultation

On 12 June 2026, the Government launched the consultation 'Time off for public duties' seeking views on proposed changes to the statutory right to time off work for public duties, which closes on 4 September 2026. The consultation seeks views on which public duties should qualify for statutory time off setting out proposed additions to and removals from the current list of eligible duties.

The Government's proposals are that:

• Special constables should be entitled to time off under these provisions.
• People carrying out eligible public duties with a clear local focus should gain the right to reasonable time off.
• People carrying out public duties for national public sector organisations should no longer be entitled to time off work as those roles do not align with the original, locally focused intent of the legislation.

It will remain the case that:

1. the right to time off will continue to be for a reasonable amount of time,
2. employers will not be required to pay employees for this time off but may choose to, and
3. employers will still be able to refuse a request where the absence would cause disruption to the organisation.

Next steps

The review is required to be concluded by 18 December 2026.